GRAM Kracker format

The GK format, for short, is a headered ROM dump format, introduced by Millers Graphics for their hardware product and commonly used in the TI/Geneve world. GK files are dumps from the cartridge memory chips.

The main uses cases why one would like to save the cartridge contents to disk are:

• Use cartridges in environments without cartridge slots, like for the Geneve, or the TI-99/4P (aka SGCPU).
• Load multiple cartridges in an expansion card (like the GRAM Karte).
• Change cartridge contents.
• Using disk images prevents wear on the TI-99/4A cartridge slot.

The contents of GK files are taken from the ROMs and GROMs of the cartridge, so there must be meta-data about the origin of the data. In fact, GK files are commonly 8198 bytes long, that is, 6 bytes plus the common size of a ROM (8K).

	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
0x00	MF	Type	Length		Address		Data
0x08	Data
...
end

MF byte

• 00 = No more files to load
• 80 = Load UTIL file next (E/A option 5)
• FF = More files to load

Type byte

01	02	03	04	05	06	07	08	09	0a	00 / ff
GROM	GROM	GROM	GROM	GROM	GROM	GROM	GROM	ROM1	ROM2	RAM
G>0000	G>2000	G>4000	G>6000	G>8000	G>A000	G>C000	G>E000	>6000	>6000	Memory Exp

ROM1 is the default ROM bank in >6000 - >7FFF. ROM2 is a second bank which is used in Extended Basic or other cartridges with a large ROM part (like Atarisoft Games).

Length and Address

Length and address provide information where the dump is located, and how long it is. Note that the memory may be smaller than the default (like a 4 KiB ROM) or it may not be located at the start of its part defined by the type byte, so this information is not redundant.

Other Headered Dump File Formats

• GRAM Karte (Mechatronic, West-Germany)
• GRAM Simulator (TI Gebruikers Groep, Netherlands)
• Module Simulator (Texas Instruments)
• Memory Image E/A Module (Texas Instruments)
• Memory Image Easybug (Texas Instruments)
• RAM Module Handler (E.P. Rebel, Netherlands)
• DSR RAM Handler (E.P. Rebel, Netherlands)