File systems
Floppy Disk File System
Floppy file systems had no notion of subdirectories for most of the time. Disk controllers like the Myarc FDC and HFDC introduced a directory scheme where the root directory may have up to three subdirectories. These subdirectories may have no subdirectories by themselves.
Volume Information Block
| 00 | Volume name. | May not contain a dot (".") because this is used as the path separator. Padded with spaces. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 02 | |||
| 04 | |||
| 06 | |||
| 08 | |||
| 0A | Total number of sectors | ||
| 0C | Sectors per track | "D" | |
| 0E | "S" | "K" | |
| 10 | Protection | Tracks per side | |
| 12 | Number of sides | Density | Density may have values 0 .. 4 (see below) |
| 14 | Directory 1 name | Same constraints as for file or volume name | |
| 16 | |||
| 18 | |||
| 1A | |||
| 1C | |||
| 1E | Sector number of FDIR of dir 1 | Null if no directory exists. Only on start of AU. | |
| 20 | Directory 2 name | ||
| 22 | |||
| 24 | |||
| 26 | |||
| 28 | |||
| 2A | Sector number of FDIR of dir 2 | ||
| 2C | Directory 3 name | ||
| 2E | |||
| 30 | |||
| 32 | |||
| 34 | |||
| 36 | Sector number of FDIR of dir 3 | ||
| 38 | Allocation bit map | Each bit represents a collection of sectors on the disk (see below) | |
| 3A | |||
| 3C | |||
| ... | |||
| FE | |||
Density values:
- Single (0,1): 125 kBit/s FM
- Double (2): 250 kBit/s MFM
- High (3): 500 kBit/s MFM
- Ultra (4): 1MBit/s MFM
File Descriptor Index Record
The File Descriptor Index Record (FDIR) contains pointers to the File Descriptor Records. The pointers are arranged so that the list of files has a lexicographic order (alphabetic sorting). The FDIR of the root directory is always in sector 1. The FDIRs of the subdirectories are pointed to by the respective fields in sector 0.
The end of the list is marked by the first null pointer.
| 00 | Sector number of first file descriptor record | Always sector number, not AU |
|---|---|---|
| 02 | Sector number of second file descriptor record | |
| 04 | Sector number of third file descriptor record | |
| 06 | Sector number of fourth file descriptor record | |
| ... | ||
| FC | Sector number of 127th file descriptor record | |
| FE | 0 |
Unlike the FDIRs in the hard disk file system there is no pointer back to the parent directory as the floppy file system does not allow nested subdirectories, and thus the parent is always the root directory.
File Descriptor Records
Each file entry in the diretory is defined by a file descriptor record.
| 00 | File name | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 02 | |||
| 04 | |||
| 06 | |||
| 08 | |||
| 0A | Extended record length | used for logical record lengths beyond 255 | |
| 0C | File status flags | Number of records/sec | |
| 0E | Number of sectors currently allocated | ||
| 10 | End-of-file offset | Logical record length | |
| 12 | Level 3 record count | ||
| 14 | Date and time of creation | hhhh.hmmm.mmms.ssss (2 seconds resolution) | |
| 16 | yyyy.yyyM.MMMd.dddd | ||
| 18 | Date and time of last update | ||
| 1A | |||
| 1C | Data chain pointer blocks | ||
| 1E | |||
| ... | |||
| FE | |||
The Extended record length field (offset 0x0A) is used for record lengths beyond 255; up to 255 bytes the length is given by the byte at offset 0x11. The HFDC introduced this field, but it is unknown whether it was ever used, and whether indeed both bytes (0x0A, 0x0B) are significant; maybe the byte at 0x0A is assumed to be zero. In any case we can say that the record length calculates as RL = AABBCC, where AA is at 0x0A, BB is at 0x0B, and XX is at 0x11.
The Level 3 record count specifies the number of records in data files; this means the number of times you can execute an INPUT operation on that file. Note that the value is specified in little endian format, that is, with the lower byte first, then the higher byte: The count calculates as C = BBAA with BB at offset 0x13 and AA at offset 0x12.
The Data chain pointers are used to refer to sections on the disk where fragments of the file will be found. There is always at least one data chain pointer; if there are more, the file is fragmented.
Every data chain pointer consists of three bytes with two hex digits each, so we have six hex digits
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| M2 | M1 | N1 | M3 | N3 | N2 |
from where we get the 16-bit numbers
- M = 0 M3 M2 M1: Sector or AU number of start of chain element
- N = 0 N3 N2 N1: Highest file sector count (starting at 0) for this chain element
This may sound a bit confusing, therefore I'm adding an example. Here are the pointers for the data chain:
36 10 00, 44 30 00, ac 62 00, 03 b3 00, 17 04 01
Using the mapping from above, we get
M = 0036 0044 02ac 0303 0417
N = 0001 0003 0006 000b 0010
Sectors
0:0036 2:0044 4:02ac 7:0303 12:0417
1:0037 3:0045 5:02ad 8:0304 13:0418
6:02ae 9:0305 14:0419
10:0306 15:041a
11:0307 16:041b
This means: The file occupies the sectors >0036 (sector 0), >0037 (sector 1), >0044 (sector 2), ... >041b (sector 16). Note that N does not provide the length of the current chain element but the total number of read sectors after reading this chain element. Counting from 0, and together with the directory entry, we have
- The number of sectors which a file occupies on the disk is Nlast+2
Or you may want calculate the intervals as follows:
- intv(i).start = Mi
- intv(i).end = Mi + Ni - (Ni-1 + 1)
with N-1=-1.
Important comment to sector/AU usage: For disks with capacities up to 720 KiB (2880 sectors), the M-value refers to a sector. For disks with higher capacities (1.44 or 2.88 MiB, i.e. 5760 or 11520 sectors), M-values are AUs. The N-values are always sector counts, even when the M-value points to an AU.
Allocation Bit Map
This map shows which sectors are occupied by files on this file system. The map is located starting at byte 0x38 and reaching to the end of this sector, so its size is 200 bytes. This means that for file systems with more than 1600 sectors, clusters must be formed which serve as allocation units (AU).
Bits are organized in little-endian order. That is, a value of 0x01 declares the AU with the smallest number of a block of 8 to be allocated. On floppy disks with less than 1600 sectors, the allocation map is usually preset with 0x03, reserving sector 0 and sector 1.
| AU 7 | AU 6 | AU 5 | AU 4 | AU 3 | AU 2 | AU 1 | AU 0 |
Disks with a capacity of at most 400 KiB have an AU size of 1 sector (all SSSD, SSDD, DSSD, DSDD, with 40 tracks, at most 1440 sectors). Disks with at most 800 KiB space have 2 sectors per AU (720 KiB, 2880 sectors), with 1.4 MiB we have 4 sectors per AU, and the disks with ultra capacity (2.8 MiB) have 8 sectors per AU.
Hard Disk File System
The file system is defined by
- the Volume Information Block
- the Directory Descriptor Records
- the File Descriptor Index Records
- the File Descriptor Records, and
- the Allocation Bit Map
Volume Information Block (HFDC)
The Volume information block (VIB) contains information about the complete file system on this volume. It is located in the first sector of the volume. The VIB takes the role both of the volume specifier and of the root directory specifier. Therefore, we find directory information as well as volume information in this block.
| 00 | Volume name | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 02 | ||||
| 04 | ||||
| 06 | ||||
| 08 | ||||
| 0A | Total number of allocation units | |||
| 0C | Sectors/Track | Reserved AUs / W | ||
| 0E | Step speed / I | Red. write current / N | ||
| 10 | Sect/AU -1 | Heads -1 | BS | Write precomp |
| 12 | Date and time of creation | |||
| 14 | ||||
| 16 | # of files | # of subdirectories | ||
| 18 | AU number of file descriptor index record | |||
| 1A | Sector number of DSK1 emulation file | |||
| 1C | AU numbers of subdirectories (DDR) | |||
| 1E | ||||
| 20 | ||||
| ... | ||||
| FE | ||||
BS = Buffered head stepping (one bit, 0 or 1)
The W,I,N values may be present after initial formatting. Usually they are replaced by the given settings.
Reserved AUs: when multiplied by 64 (0x40), declares the start AU for file contents. For instance, with a value of 0x15, file contents are stored at AUs 0x0540 and higher.
There are 114 slots for pointers to subdirectories (from 0x1c to 0xff, 2 bytes each), so this is the maximum number of subdirectories in a directory.
Volume Information Block (SCSI)
The Volume information block (VIB) contains information about the complete file system on this volume. It is located in the first sector of the volume. The VIB takes the role both of the volume specifier and of the root directory specifier. Therefore, we find directory information as well as volume information in this block.
| 00 | Volume name | |
|---|---|---|
| 02 | ||
| 04 | ||
| 06 | ||
| 08 | ||
| 0A | Total number of AUs | |
| 0C | Reserved | Reserved AUs / W |
| 0E | Unused / I | Unused / N |
| 10 | Sectors per AU | Unused |
| 12 | Date and time of creation | |
| 14 | ||
| 16 | # of files | # of subdirectories |
| 18 | AU number of file descriptor index record | |
| 1A | Reserved | |
| 1C | AU numbers of subdirectories (DDR) | |
| 1E | ||
| 20 | ||
| ... | ||
| FE | ||
Byte >10 is the same as in the HFDC VIB (first 4 bits, adding 1). Thus, a value of >F0 means 16 sectors per AU and is the maximum number. The other four bits are not used. See above for the meaning of Reserved AUs.
Directory Descriptor Records
Each directory is defined by a directory descriptor record (DDR). It is structured similarly to a VIB.
| 00 | Directory name | |
|---|---|---|
| 02 | ||
| 04 | ||
| 06 | ||
| 08 | ||
| 0A | HFDC: Total number of AUs / SCSI: unused | |
| 0C | unused | "D" |
| 0E | "I" | "R" |
| 10 | unused | |
| 12 | Date and time of creation | |
| 14 | ||
| 16 | # of files | # of subdirectories |
| 18 | Pointer to file descriptor index record (FDIR) | |
| 1A | Pointer to the parent directory AU | |
| 1C | AU numbers of subdirectories (DDR) | |
| 1E | ||
| 20 | ||
| ... | ||
| FE | ||
File Descriptor Index Records
As space in a DDR is limited, the files are referenced outside the DDR, using a File Decriptor Index Record (FDIR). There is one FDIR per directory. The FDIR is also responsible for the ordering of file names in the directory. That is, new files are inserted into the list, preserving alphabetical order.
The end of the list is marked by the first null pointer. Note that the FDIR for hard disks contain pointers to allocation units, not to sectors.
The last entry of the list (position >FE) points back to the containing directory AU. With a sector size of 256 bytes we can have 127 files per directory at most.
| 00 | AU number of first file descriptor record |
|---|---|
| 02 | AU number of second file descriptor record |
| 04 | AU number of third file descriptor record |
| 06 | AU number of fourth file descriptor record |
| ... | |
| FC | AU number of 127th file descriptor record |
| FE | AU number of directory descriptor record of this FDIR |
File Descriptor Records
Each file is defined by a file descriptor record.
| 00 | File name | |
|---|---|---|
| 02 | ||
| 04 | ||
| 06 | ||
| 08 | ||
| 0A | Extended record length | |
| 0C | File status flags | Number of records/sec |
| 0E | Number of sectors currently allocated (also see extended information) | |
| 10 | End-of-file offset | Logical record length |
| 12 | Number of level 3 records allocated (also see extended information) | |
| 14 | Date and time of creation | |
| 16 | ||
| 18 | Date and time of last update | |
| 1A | ||
| 1C | "F" | "I" |
| 1E | Pointer to previous FDR (AU) | |
| 20 | Pointer to next FDR (AU) | |
| 22 | Number of AUs allocated by this FDR for the file content | |
| 24 | Pointer to file descriptor index record (AU) | |
| 26 | Extended information (see below) | |
| 28 | Data chain pointer blocks (AU) | |
| 2A | ||
| ... | ||
| FE | ||
For hard drives, the data chain pointer blocks are structured differently. We have four bytes per chain element, two for the start AU, and two for the end AU.
The extended information is a 16-bit word ABCD, built up as follows:
| A | B | C | D |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of allocated sectors / 65536 | Number of sectors of a VARIABLE file / 65536 | Sector number in AU pointing to previous FDR | Sector number of AU pointing to next FDR |
The file system allows for multiple chained FIBs in case the cluster list does not fit into one FIB. Unlike the original FIB, the next FIBs may obviously be located in other sectors within an AU, not in the first one: It is possible to define which sector in the given AU actually contains the next FIB. However, this only makes sense if the first sector in the AU is from the same file; otherwise, when deleting a file, it would be impossible to decide whether an AU can be freed or not without checking each other file on the medium.
Anyway, it should be a pretty rare case; I've never seen a file that was so heavily fragmented to require more than one FIB.
Allocation Bit Map
The allocation bitmap is located in sectors 1 to 31 where each bit represents one allocation unit. That is, we have
31 sector * 256 byte/sector * 8 bit/byte * 1 AU/bit = 63488 AUs = >F800 AUs.
Caution: The bit order in the bytes of the allocation map is big-endian, different to the situation with floppy disks.
| AU 0 | AU 1 | AU 2 | AU 3 | AU 4 | AU 5 | AU 6 | AU 7 |
The allocation bitmap limits the maximum size of a hard drive in terms of allocation units. The maximum number of sectors in an allocation unit is determined by byte >10 in the VIB which leaves only 4 bits for this number (adding 1), so the maximum is 16.
That is, we ultimately have a maximum usable space of
16 sector/AU * 63488 AU * 256 byte/sector = 260046848 byte
that is 248 MiB. Any bigger drive will stay unused beyond this point.
References
- Myarc, Inc.: Hard and Floppy Disk Controller / Users manual
- Western Horizon Technologies: SCSI / Small Computer Systems Interface Host Adapter Card / Software Interface Specification, 1993